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environment
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A 160 m ice core was recovered in June 1996 from Eclipse Icefield (60.51 degrees N, 139.47 degrees W, 3017 m elevation). Visible stratigraphy (location and thickness of ice layers) and density measurements were made in the field, and then the core was shipped frozen to the University of New Hampshire. The core was continuously sampled in 10 cm segments, corresponding to a minimum of 12 samples per year. Above the firn-ice transition which occurs at 45 m depth, core was scraped on an acrylic lathe system under a laminar flow bench using a titanium scraper so that all surface and sub-surface contamination from the drilling process was removed. Below the firn-ice transition, samples were cut into 3 x 3 cm pieces 10 cm long and the middle of the samples melted out using a custom made melter also used to sample the GISP2 ice core. Samples were analyzed for major ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) using a Dionex model 2010 ion chromatograph in a dedicated laboratory at the University of New Hampshire. The cation system used a CS12A column with CSRS-ultra suppressor in auto suppression recycle mode with 20 mM MSA eluent. The anion system used an AS11 column with an ASRS-ultra suppressor in auto suppression recycle mode with 6 mM NaOH eluent. Analytical precision was monitored by analyzing 10% of the samples in duplicate and found to be 11% for K+, 10% for NH4+, 7% for Na+, and less than 5% for all other species. Aliquots of the same samples were also analyzed for oxygen isotopes (delta 18O) at the Stable Isotope Laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark (precision ± 0.05‰). Chronology of the Eclipse ice core is based on multi-parameter annual layer counting of seasonal oscillations in the stable isotope and major ion records (especially Na+ and NH4+). Age control on the chronology established via annual layer counting is provided by the 1963 and 1961 beta activity reference horizons and volcanic reference horizons identified by statistical analysis of the sulfate record and verified by tephrochronology. The resulting time scale indicates that the Eclipse 1996 ice core covers the period 1894 to 1996, with dating error in the core estimated to be +1 year based on the number of independently dated horizons. The chemical data presented here are at sub-annual resolution, and annually averaged. Data for the years 1894, 1995, and 1996 are incomplete and not included in the annual averages.
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The main settlements of Central Karakorum National Park. ????
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The main peaks of Central Karakorum National Park. Most elevations are above 1500 m a.s.l. and more than half of the area is well above 4500 m a.s.l., including K-2, Nanga Parbat, Gashbrum-I, II, and Broad Peak.
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Trekking routes of the Central Karakorum National Park.
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Protected areas of the Central Karakorum National Park. http://www.cknp.org./cms/
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Two Icecores (345 m and 130 m) were recovered in 2002, 100 m up the flow line from the 1996 drill site. All two cores were sampled continuously at high resolution for major ions and stable isotopes to establish a detailed chronology for the core. Sample resolution ranged from 6 to 15 cm for major ions and 2 to 15 cm for stable isotopes. Stringent core processing techniques were used to ensure samples were contamination-free at the ng/g level.
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The glaciers of Central Karakorum National Park, the world’s largest glacial area outside of the Polar Regions.
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In ungulates, rank order is determined by differences in weight, body size, weapon size and age. In the Caprini tribe (Bovidae: Caprinae), adult male Himalayan tahr are unique to show different coat colours, but no sexual dimorphism in weapons. A highly significant correlation between hair colour and rank order was found during the rut: males with a lighter coloured ruff dominated over darker ruffed ones, in both aggressive interactions and access to oestrus females. We studied colour-based dominance in relation to weight, age and testosterone levels, which establish the social rank in most ungulates. No differences in weight and testosterone concentrations were found between adult male colour classes, but males with paler ruffs were significantly younger than darker adult males. The distribution of physical traumas from fights confirmed that younger, lighter-coloured males had a higher rank than older, darker males, a pattern which is unusual amongst ungulates. Coat colour seems to work as a signal of rank in male-male aggressive interactions and it changes according to age, whereas the relevant physiological determinants deserve further research. Intrasexual male competition has not changed weapon size or shape in the Himalayan tahr, but ruff colours are apparently used to signal rank and dominance. Colour patterns of adult males may then be homologous to ritualised weapons, apparently being a unique feature of male tahr amongst mammals.
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Two ice cores (118.4 and 214.7 m in length) were collected in 2000 from the Puruogangri ice cap in the center of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in a joint US-Chinese collaborative project. These cores yield paleoclimatic and environmental records extending through the Middle Holocene. The high-resolution Puruogangri climate record since AD 1600 details regional temperature and moisture variability.
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Icecore of 130 m was recovered in 2002, 100 m up the flow line from the 1996 drill site. The core was sampled continuously at high resolution for major ions and stable isotopes to establish a detailed chronology for the core. Sample resolution ranged from 6 to 15 cm for major ions and 2 to 15 cm for stable isotopes. Stringent core processing techniques were used to ensure samples were contamination-free at the ng/g level.