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A thermohygrometer is installed at the Pheriche station for measuring temperature, and relative humidity.
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At Changri Nup station a DMA 570 thermohygrometer was installed in 2010. Temperature sensitive element is a thermoresistance Pt100 type while the humidity sensitive element is a capacitive plate. The sensitive elements are protected from incident solar radiation by a double radiation shield. Sensors for temperature and relative humidity measurements with radiation shield for meteorological uses. Sensors are equipped with a microprocessor.
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The USH-8 Ultrasonic Snow Depth Sensor by SOMMER is ideal for the reliable measurement of snow-depth in extreme conditions. The sensor’s principle of measurement deals with the transit-time measurement of an ultrasonic pulse. The sensor transmits several energy-charged pulses to the snow cover and subsequently receives its reflected signals. Based upon the required transit time of the ultrasonic signals, the USH-8 sensor calculates the current snow depth. The processing time of the ultrasonic pulses here is enormously influenced by the air temperature. For this reason, the snow depth sensor also possesses integrated temperature compensation. This takes into account the influence of the air temperature on the processing time of the ultrasonic signals, in the calculation of the snow depth. The calculation takes place in the sensor, so that the output signal provides the already converted snow depth. USH-8 Specifications: Snow Depth Measurement Range of measurement: 0 to 8 m Minimum distance to the maximum expected snow depth: 1 m Accuracy: 0,1 % (FS) Resolution 1 mm Principle of measurement: Ultrasonic (Frequency 50 kHz; Angle of reflected beam 12°) Integrated Compensation of the Air Temperature Temperature sensor: Integrated air-temperature sensor in self-venting radiation shield Range of measurement: -35 to 60 °C Resolution: 0,1 °C Non-linearity: ? 0,15 % Interfaces Analogue: Snow depth measurement 0/4 - 20 mA signal (configurable) Resolution: 12 Bit Max. load: 300 ? Digital: Snow depth measurement; air temperature; quality flag RS 232; serial interface Protocol: Various ASCII formats
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The Geothermometer DLA400 Lsi- Lastem for temperature measurement inside soil or on its surface is installed at Pyramid Laboratory Observatory. DLA400 sensor measure up to 50 cm soil depth.
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Both in 2008 and in 2011 expedition a DPA 007, manufactured by LSI-Lastem was installed at South Col. This broad band radiometers measure electromagnetic radiation intensity in a determined interval of wavelength. Applications often need information about emission in ultraviolet, infrared, and visible spectral band, demanding a more specialized instrumentation.
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Both in 2008 and in 2011 expedition a CM6B Kipp&Zonen radiometer was installed at South Col. The radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-wave and long-wave IR radiation versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing long-wave IR radiation.
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At the Lukla AWS the DMA572 Lsi-Lastem Thermohygrometer is mounted on a 2 m pole. It is a probe for measuring air temperature and air relative humidity with replaceable sensitive element for simplify calibration and maintenance. LSI-Lastem supplies a precise and reliable set of probes, suitable for a continuous measurement in severe environments, in presence of deep thermal and hygrometric ranges with high sun radiant heat. An important feature of this set of sensor is that the thermohygrometric sensitive element is easily replaceable, in order to have a simple and rapid ordinary maintenance and avoiding calibration. The Thermohygrometer has supported a considerable improvement, owing to a deep technical and styling development process: a fan ensures a continuos air change around the sensor in order to eliminate temperature fault caused by radiant heat.
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A thermohygrometer DMA570 was installed at Urdukas Station. This sensor is manufactured by LSI-Lastem (Italy).The DMA 570 thermohygrometer is an instrument for measuring temperature and relative humidity and suitable for a continuous measurement in severe environments; in presence of deep thermal and hygrometric ranges with high sun radiant heat.
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Both in 2008 and in 2011 expedition a PTB330 barometer was installed at South Col. This sensor is manufactured by Vaisala company. Vaisala's Barometer measure Atmospheric Pressure in weather station.
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The DLA400 sensor is manufactured by LSI-Lastem (Italy) and measures up to 50 cm soil depth it can be complete with several accessories: DLA400 ring is used to fix the sensor to the requested deepness.