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A monitoring programme for halogenated climate-altering gases has been established in the frame of the SHARE EV-K2 -CNR project at the Nepal Climate Laboratory – Pyramid in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 5079 m a.s.l. The site is very well located to provide important insights on changes in atmospheric composition in a region that is of great significance for emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic halogenated compounds. Measurements are performed since March 2006, with grab samples collected on a weekly basis. The first three years of data have been analysed. After the identification of the atmospheric background values for fourteen halocarbons, the frequency of occurrence of pollution events have been compared with the same kind of analysis for data collected at other global background stations. The analysis showed the fully halogenated species, whose production and consumption are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, show a significant occurrence of “above the baseline” values, as a consequence of their current use in the developing countries surrounding the region, meanwhile the hydrogenated gases, more recently introduced into the market, show less frequent spikes. Atmospheric concentration trends have been calculated as well, and they showed a fast increase, ranging from 5.7 to 12.6%, of all the hydrogenated species, and a clear decrease of methyl chloroform(-17.7%).The comparison with time series from other stations has also allowed to derive Meridional gradients, which are absent for long living well mixed species, while for the more reactive species, the gradient in creases inversely with respect to their atmospheric lifetime. The effect of long range transport and of local events on the atmospheric composition at the station has been analysed as well, allowing the identification of relevant source regions the Northern half of the Indian sub-continent. Also, at finer spatial scales, a smaller, local contribution of forest fires from the Khumbu valley has been detected.
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We tested the hypothesis that the individual ventilatory adaptation to high altitude (HA, 5050 m) may influence renal water excretion in response to water loading. In 8 healthy humans (33+/-4 S.D. years) we studied, at sea level (SL) and at HA, resting ventilation (VE), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), urinary output after water loading (WL, 20 mL/kg), and total body water (TBW). Ventilatory response to HA was defined as the difference in resting VE over SpO2 (DeltaVE/DeltaSpO2) from SL to HA. At HA, a significant increase in urinary volume after the first hour from WL (%WLt0-60) was observed. Significant correlations were found between DeltaVE/DeltaSpO2 versus %WLt0-60 at HA and versus changes in TBW, from SL to HA. In conclusion, in healthy subjects the ventilatory response to HA influences water balance and correlates with kidney response to WL. A higher ventilatory response at HA, allowing a more efficient water renal handling, is likely to be a protective mechanisms from altitude illness.
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Gli ossidi di azoto (NOx=NO+NO2) sono misurati utilizzando un analizzatore a chemioluminescenza (Thermo 42i-TL), dotato di convertitore al molibdeno per la determinazione della NO2. A regime, ogni 24 ore viene eseguito un controllo di zero per la NO usando un generatore di aria zero e diluendo una miscela certificata di NO. In futuro la tecnica della GPT verrà utilizzata per verificare l’efficienza del convertitore di NO2. Instrument (Thermo 42iTL) is connected by a Teflon pipe (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Teflon material) are present at the instrument inlet (changed every 30 days). Currently only zero check are performed at the station by using an external zero air generator (Thermo 1160). A gas dilution/GPT system is available at the station (Thermo 160i). Once the implementation phase will be ended, this system will be used for executing every 48h span and zero checks for NO, as well as GPT test for evaluating the NO2 -> NO converter efficiency. A substitution of the analyser Molybdenum converter with a photolytic converter (e.g. BLC) is foreseen. Data are recorded on a 1-minute basis by a station server and delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna for publication on the web (http://www.i-amica.it/i-amica/?page_id=868). Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. SOP are extracted by the ACTRIS “Draft for standardized operating procedures (SOPs) for NOxy measurements (Version: 2012/04/02)”
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Place: Paiju bridge, Braldu river Country: Pakistan Position: latitude 3950628 N longitude 588136 E Drainage Area (km2): 1331 Icy Area (km2): (377676 ?) 614 Altitude (m a.s.l.): 3356
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Place: Jula Country: Pakistan Position: latitude 3949067 N longitude 586695 E Drainage Area (km2): 849 Icy Area (km2): 340,73 Altitude (m a.s.l.): 3148
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The zoning exercise conducted for DNP aimed to balance use and conservation, keeping conservation as a priority; however, without compromising the sustainable use of the Park. The use includes that allowed under the legislation, namely recreation and education, and traditional rights of the local communities and the Gujjar-Bakarwals that are dependent on the DNP. The Deosai National Park is designated as “National Park” under the wildlife legislation. However, to allow for development of tailored management principles for different areas within the DNP designated zones, their purpose, and broad management guidelines are described in this chapter: there are four different zones inside the Park Boundaries and two zones outside the park in a comprehensive Buffer Zone. • Core Zone • Wilderness Zone • Sustainable Use Zone • Visitors Intensive-Use Zone Outside the Park boundaries: • Buffer Zone • Buffer Zone Valleys
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Visitors at high altitude are increasing in age and comorbidities, which can lead to a failure in acclimatization. We describe the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in a 44-year-old man with metabolic syndrome and the time- and altitude-dependent correlation between the development of AMS and blood pressure and heart rate changes. Our observations support a dominant role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AMS and suggest new behavioral indications.
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The ISO19115 metadata standard is the preferred metadata standard to use. If unsure what templates to start with, use this one.
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Survey2012 Date: 20 maggio 2012 Measure System: flow tracker Q (m3/s)75 q (m3/(s km2))0,011 Date::02 giugno 2012 Measure System: flow tracker Q (m3/s)110 q (m3/(s km2))0,016 Date::20 maggio 2012 Measure System: topographic survey
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High Elevations (HE) is an initiative within the Coordinated Energy and water cycle Observations Project (CEOP) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment (GEWEX).The Scientific Implementation Plan (SIP) of CEOP (http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ceop/dm/new) identifies HE as a “regional study”. HE intends to be a concerted, international and interdisciplinary effort aimed at furthering knowledge on physical and dynamic processes at high elevations, which intends to contribute to global climate and water cycle studies. The goal of HE is to study multi-scale variability of energy and water cycles in high elevation areas while improving corresponding observations, modelling and data management. In this context, the term “high elevations” should be understood to include altitudes above the timberline, high plateaus, rough reliefs, low atmospheric pressure and low average temperature.