The most remote regions of globe represent some of the least disturbed ecosystems, yet they are threatened by air pollution and by climatic change. The Himalaya is one of the most isolated regions in the world and least explored wildernesses outside the Polar Regions; and it is for this reason that the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as the ‘Third Pole’. Limnological survey (including chemistry, biology and sediment core studies) of lakes located between ca. 4500 and 5500 m a.s.l. has been performed from 1992 in the Kumbhu Valley, Nepal. Lake water chemical surveys reveal a constant increase of the ionic content of the lake water probably related to glacier retreat. Modern phytoplankton data compared with previous data point to an increasing trend in lake productivity. Zooplankton, benthos and thechamoebians provide useful biogeographical information. Paleolimnological reconstructions show the potential use of these sites in providing proxy data of past climatic changes in high altitude regions. Data collected of persistent organic pollutants show that the studied sites receive input related to long-range transport pollution. The aims and rationale for the future development of the Ev-K2-CNR Limnological Information System is discussed.

The Tibetan Plateau is a vast, elevated plateau in Central Asia with an average elevation of over 4,500 m and contains the world’s third largest store of ice. It occupies a climatic transition zone between the Asian monsoons and westerly airflow. As a result of this location, the region is sensitive to changes in climate on timescales of decades to millennia and longer. Long-term data are needed to evaluate climatic changes and their impact on ecosystems, but in areas as remote as the Tibetan Plateau, long-term instrumental records of environmental change are geographically sparse and monitoring has only been undertaken in recent times. Paleolimnological approach might be then one of the few means by which environmental variability can be ascertained at scales that allow comparison with contemporary monitoring data and future model projections. Therefore, a paleolimnological study was undertaken in eight different lakes sampled along a North–South transect across the Tibetan Plateau analysing geochemistry and algal pigment in order to assess longer term variability in the trophic condition of these systems and their potential to reconstruct changes in relation to recent climate evolution and possible human impacts. Chronologies for the last century were based on radiometric techniques (210Pb, 241Am and 137Cs). Results show that inorganic sediment dominates the composition of the cores used in this study. Organic carbon constitutes less than 5% d.w. in all the lake cores, except for Kemen Co core where concentrations up to 14% d.w., are observed. Corg:N ratios are generally in the order of 5–10, indicating that autochthonous algal production is the principal biological source of organic matter. Pigment preservation is generally good throughout the cores from all lakes as shown by the 430:410 nm ratio that is generally around 1.0 or higher. Six out of eight lakes show an increase in primary production in recent times. High pre-1800 AD pigment concentrations were detected only in Qinghai Lake. Since most of the lakes show a similar behaviour in the most recent section of the core, we interpret this as a response to climate and land-use changes that have increased autochthonous production throughout the Tibetan Plateau.

"Mountain lakes of high altitude (Himalaya)" in Long Term Ecological Research Network-Italy Location: Lat 27 ° 57'54 "N Long 86 ° 48'40" E; Lake Area (m2): 5.7 103: Average depth(m): unknown; Maximum depth (m): 8.2; Altitude of the lake (m): 5213; Area Region: Himalayas, Khumbu Valley, Mount Everest.

"Mountain lakes of high altitude (Himalaya)" in Long Term Ecological Research Network-Italy Location: Lat 27 ° 57'45 "N Long 86 ° 48'56" E; Lake Area (m2): 16.7 103: Average Depth (m): unknown; Maximum depth (m): 8.2; Altitude of the lake (m asl): 5067; Region: Himalayas, Khumbu Valley, Mount Everest.,

The most remote regions of the globe are home of the least disturbed ecosystems, yet they are threatened by air pollution and by climatic change. The Himalayas are one of the most isolated and least explored wilderness areas in the world outside the Polar Regions and it is for this reason that the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as the Third Pole. Since 1990, an annual limnological survey (including chemistry and biology) has been carried out at two lakes located in the Kumbhu Valley, Nepal, at 5200 and 5400m a.s.l., respectively. Lake water chemistry surveys reveal a persistent increase in the ionic content of the lake water, a trend which appears to be closely linked to increasing temperature. In this study, we also analysed lake sediment cores for historical changes in algal abundance and community composition to evaluate how long-term variations in primary producer communities corresponded to known regional variations in climate systems during the past 3500years. Paleolimnological results support the evidence that the strong variability observed in the chemical data drives the variability in lake production and in the composition of algal assemblages. These variabilities can be related to known features of local climate and the values recorded in the recent years compare well with those recorded during warm periods, such as around 2000 BP, and thus support the idea that this area of the Himalayan Range, influenced by the South Asia monsoon, is closely linked to Northern Hemisphere climate dynamics.