The CNR 4 net radiometer consists of a pyranometer pair, one facing upward, the other facing downward, and a pyrgeometer pair in a similar configuration. The pyranometer pair measures the short-wave radiation. And the pyrgeometer pair measures long-wave radiation. The upper long-wave detector of CNR 4 has a meniscus dome. This ensures that water droplets role off easily and improves the field of view to nearly 180°, compared with a 150° for a flat window. All 4 sensors are integrated directly into the instrument body, instead of separate modules mounted onto the housing. But are each calibrated individually for optimal accuracy. Two temperature sensors, a Pt-100 and Thermistor, are integrated for compatibility with every data logger. The temperature sensor is used to provide information to correct the infrared readings for the temperature of the instrument housing. Care has been taken to place the long-wave sensors close to each other and close to the temperature sensors. This assures that the temperatures of the measurement surfaces are the same and accurately known. Which improves the quality of the long-wave measurements. Technical Characteristics: Spectral range: 300 to 2800 (short wave) nm Spectral range: 4500 to 42000 (long wave) nm Sensitivity: 5 to 20 µV/W/m² Temperature dependence of sensitivity (-10 ºC to +40 ºC) : < 4 % Response time: < 18 s Non-linearity: < 1 % Operating temperature: -40 to 80 °C Ventilation power (of the optional CNF 4 ventilation unit): 10 W

The Rwenzori Mountains (called also “Mountains of the Moon”), with heights of up to 5,109 m asl., are located in the central Africa, on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, in the Ugandan National Park an UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the Rwenzori Range some of the main peaks are covered with permanent snow and glacier, while the lower slopes are covered with dense forest. Besides there are several massifs such as Point Margherita, the third highest African summit after, Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya. The first AWS (Automatic Weather Station) RW was installed, in Uganda, in the western part of the Stanley Plateau, on July 18, 2006. This station worked in continuous from 2006 to 2009. In 2009 the station interruppted its work due to difficult environmental conditions, and in 2013 this station was replaced with a new one. Geographical coordinates: - Latitude: 0° 22' 34.55" N - Longitude: 29° 52' 43.24" E - Elevation: 4.750 m a.s.l.

The Pyramid Meteorological Network, located in Himalaya (Nepal), on the southern slopes of Mt. Everest is composed of 7 meteorological stations located between 2660 and 7986 m a.s.l., which have collected continuous climatic data during the last 30 years (1994-2023). These data are here available for download and specific for each parameter and each station on the dedicated Geoportal: https://geoportal.mountaingenius.org/portal/index.php/data/

A three wavelength integrating nephelometer to determine aerosol total and back scattering coefficients.

At Askole Station, a CombiSD DNA022 sensor (LSI-Lastem, Italy) was installed. The CombiSD combines sensors for measuring both wind speed and direction in a single instrument.

25 Halocarbons relevant for climate issues will be analysed in grab samples collected weekly.

At Askole Station, a CM6B Pyranometer was installed. This sensor is manufactured by Kipp&Zonen (The Netherlands) company. The CM6B Pyranometer is suitable for the routine measurement of incoming global solar radiation (0.3 to 2.8 µm spectral range), diffuse sky irradiance measurements, and surface reflected solar radiation measurement research.

At Askole Station, a CX115P Barometer was installed. This sensor is manufactured by Lsi-Lastem (Italy) company. The sensor measures atmospheric pressure.

Askole is the last village on the route to the Baltoro Glacier and K2. It’s average elevation is 3000 m a.s.l., the village is on the right side of the valley and just north of the main river, on a moraine highland with small inclination toward the river, where local people carry out little agriculture. The station is on the lower, southern part of the moraine platform, near the edge above the river, and has open visibility toward East (valley upward), West (valley downward), South (in front of opposite side of the valley) and North (leading to the slopes of the mountain surrounding the village). The installation is located about 200 meters south from the Lorenzo Mazzoleni Dispensary in the middle of the cultivated area, protected by a resistant fencing. Geographical coordinates: Latitude: 35° 40' 50" N Longitude: 75° 48' 55" E

Chemical Composition.