Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: Thermo Scientific Multiangle Absorption Photometer (MAAP). The MAAP 5012 measures black carbon content of aerosols determined by simultaneous measurement of optical absorption and scattering of light by the particles collected on the glass fiber tape. The minimum detection limit are: 2 min. average less than 100ng/m3; 10 min. average less than 50ng/m3; 30 min. average less than 100ng/m3.

Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: Fai SWAM Dual Particulate Matter Sampler. The SWAM is a dual channel sampler for particulate matter, and a mass measurement technique. The system combines field-proven beta attenuation analysis with dual-channel sequential sampling yielding simultaneously PM10, PM2.5 and total mass concentration.

Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: API Teledyne 700 mass flow calibrator. The Model M700 can generate diluted calibration gas including ozone, gas phase titration (NO2) from gas cylinders, or from a permeation tube source gas. Each concentration is generated precisely by mixing the gas with diluent zero air in which the mixing ratio is controlled by the mass flow controller. The diluent air mass flow controller has a range of 10 SLPM (20 SLPM option), and the gas mass flow controller has a range of 100 cc/min. (0-50 cc/min., 0-200cc/min. options). The mass flow controllers assure a precise mixing ratio for accurate and precise calibration gas generation using the state-of- the-art electronic closed-loop control.

Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: TSI Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The Model SMPS is designed for long-term measurement of aerosol particles and over there in highly burden regions. It is a mobility particle size spectrometer, which can measure continuously the particle number size distribution in a size range from 10 to 800 Nanometres. The temporal resolution to measure a complete particle number size distribution is approximately 5 minutes. Equipment is based on TSI CPC 3775.

Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: API Teledyne 200AU nitrogen oxide analyser. The Model 200AU uses chemiluminescence detection, coupled with microprocessor technology to provide ambient nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the total nitrogen oxides (NOx). It calculates the amount of NO by measuring the amount of chemiluminescence given off when the sample gas is exposed to ozone (O3). A catalytic-reactive converter converts any NO2 in the sample gas to NO, which is then measured as above (including the original NO in the sample gas) and reported as NOx. NO2 is calculated as the difference between NOX and NO.

Monte Curcio (MCU) instruments: Picarro G2401 methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water analyser. The Model G2401 is based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), capable of measuring the concentrations e compounds. This technique enables measurement of absolute optical extinction by samples that scatter and absorb light. A laser is used to illuminate a high-finesse optical cavity, which consists of two highly reflective mirrors. When the laser is in resonance with a cavity mode, intensity builds up in the cavity due to constructive interference. The laser is then turned off in order to allow the measurement of the exponentially decaying light intensity leaking from the cavity. During this decay, light is reflected back and forth thousands of times between the mirrors giving an effective path length for the extinction on the order of a few kilometres.