The Valle d’Aosta is the region in the northwest Italy, with an extension of about 3262 km2, sets mainly in the Pennine and Graie Alps. In this context, landslides play an important role in the evolution of the mainly regional territory. In particular, the Valle d’Aosta region is one of the Italian region characterized by higher number of landslides, where landslide affecting an area of 520,35 km2 of the regional territory [Giardino & Ratto, 2007]. The entire territory has been investigated by space-borne technique, using the DInSAR technique by the ESA’s Grid Processing On-Demand (G-POD) service.

The Upper Tena Valley is located in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, between Sallent de Gallego and El Portalet municipality. This area is characterized by hundreds landslides different in type and in particular by two deep-seated slides whose development is due to the destabilization of the over steepened valley walls after the retreat of the glaciers (Herrera et al., 2013). This territory has been investigated by geomorphological investigation, in situ geotechnical investigation of the portion of the area that is involved in the two deep-seated slides, to exploit the possibility to detect a relationship between change of the rate of the landslides displacement and climatic parameters. Furthermore this territory has been investigated by space-borne technique. In particular, the SAR images were processed by PSInSAR technique by Altamira information (http://www.altamira-information.com/), available by the Framework Agreement between NextData Project and Terrafirma (the agreement was signed in July 2014).

The Grange Orgiera landslide is a wide phenomenon of the Western Alps occurred in July 2009, located in Sampeyre municipality (CN, Piedmont), on the left side of the Varaita Valley. This is a complex landslide, in particular, classify as a rotational slide evolved in a flow like landslide. Its activation was related to the extraordinary abundant snowfall of 2008-2009 winter, identified as an anomalous event of the last forty-year of a climatological point of view [on-line report Arpa Piemonte, 2009], and the subsequent snowmelt. From a geomorphological point of view, this event represent a reactivation of a rotational landslide extended from 2150 m asl to 1720 m asl, close to the Grange Orgiera village. This landslide is included in a more extensive gravitative event, extended from Pian delle Serre (about 2270 m asl) to Villar municipality (about 1100 m asl). Moreover, at the slope scale, these landslides were included in a Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (DsGSD) of about 20 km2, between Villar and Casteldelfino hamlets. Starting from July 2009 the Grange Orgiera event was monitored with a topographic monitoring network, located in correspondence of the left frontal lobe of the landslide. The landslide was monitored for two distinct period: from August 2009 to October 2009, and from July 2010 to September 2010.

The Gardiola landslide is a complex slide activated on 14-16 October 2000 located in the central part of the Germanasca Valley, in Salza di Pinerolo municipality (TO, Piedmont – northern Italy). This landslide consists of several sector with different kinematic: a portion reactivated during 2000, characterized by prevalent translational movement, and a low rotational component due to the foot erosion operated by the Germanasca torrent. A portion on the left side of this sector, that present a rotational component, was identified as the mainly active sector of the landslide during a survey in 2003. At the slope scale, the Gardiola landslide is included in a more extensive gravitative event, a quiescent event reported in the IFFI catalogue (IFFI project, Piedmont Region), extended from 1450 m to 1200 m asl. In the opposite side of the valley, in front of the landslide, was identified another quiescent landslide, extend from 1600 m asl to the bottom of the valley, at 1180 m asl. Starting from March 2004, a permanent topographic monitoring network has been installed on the landslide, with a robotic total station located on the opposite side of the valley. The landslide was monitored from March 2004 to April 2009.

The Ivancich landslide is a phenomenon located in Assisi municipality (PG), in Umbria region, which affects the northern sector of the city. From a geomorphological point of view, this event is an old translational slide with a rotational component in the source area. The landslide has been divide in an active sector, distinguishing in the crow area (dark red in the picture) and the landslide deposits (light red in the picture), and an ancient relict sector, distinguishing in the crown area (dark blue in the picture) and the landslide deposits (light blue in the picture) [From: Antonini, G., Ardizzone, F., Cacciano, M., Cardinali, M., Castellani, M., Galli, M., Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., Salvati, P., 2002a. Rapporto Conclusivo Protocollo d'Intesa fra la Regione dell'Umbria, Direzione Politiche Territoriali Ambiente e Infrastrutture, ed il CNR–IRPI di Perugia per l'acquisizione di nuove informazioni sui fenomeni franosi nella regione dell'Umbria, la realizzazione di una nuova carta inventario dei movimenti franosi e dei siti colpiti da dissesto, l'individuazione e la perimetrazione delle aree a rischio da frana di particolare rilevanza, e l'aggiornamento delle stime sull'incidenza dei fenomeni di dissesto sul tessuto insediativo, infrastrutturale e produttivo regionale. Unpublished report, May 2002, 140 pp., (in Italian)]. The landslide is extended from an elevation of 660 m asl to 350 m asl, and involves in a debris deposits. This landslide was monitored with geological and engineering investigations since the 1970’s, consequently roads and buildings damages registered. In particular the Ivancich landslide was monitored from 1982 to 2008 with topographic and inclinometer measurements. The data refer to an extended monitoring network of the landslide and in particular the data of the inclinometer number 103, 113B, 117, and 202 were published in Calò et al. (2014) "Enhanced landslide investigations through advanced DInSAR techniques: The Ivancich case study, Assisi, Italy" Remote Sensing of Environment, 142: 69-82. This dataset is a courtesy of Ing. Maceo Giovanni Angeli (IRPI-CNR) and Dr. Geol. Fabrizio Pontoni (private consultant).

The Gardiola in situ ground deformation time series include deformation data from the topographic monitoring network, installed on the Gardiola landslide. In particular, provide the differential displacement (in cm), of planimetric and altimetric displacement, for each prism of the network. The archive provide time series of twenty-three optical target, for an observed period from March 2004 to April 2009. The time series present a very high temporal sampling (hourly), and provide the differential displacement for the planimetric (Δxy) and altimetric (Δz) displacement (in cm). All the spikes interpreted as noise were been delete to the time series.

The Ivancich Inclinometer 202 is located inside the landslide at about 510 m asl, and is located in a 54,50 m deep borehole. The inclinometer probe measures tilt of two orthogonal axes “A” and “B”; in particular is read the measure corresponding to the axes inclination (θ). The conversion from angular values to displacement occurs through trigonometric function. The sine function, i.e. the angular value, is derived from the value produced by sensors, in general for measure between +/-15° from the vertical. The angle θ is the inclination angle from vertical, the hypotenuse is the pace of the probe, i.e. the measuring range, or step of readings (generally 0.5 m), while the opposite side is the lateral “deviation”. The lateral displacements are calculated at each depth; for convention this value is called “lateral deviation”. The sum of successive lateral deviation is called “cumulative deviation”. The cumulative deviation variations define the inclinometer tube displacement. The incremental displacement represents the variation from each measurement interval. The cumulative displacement is the sum of the incremental displacements. The common inclinometers data graphs showing the displays cumulative lateral deformation with depth, starting at the bottom of the casing and summing increments of displacement for each measured interval up to the ground surface. The inclinometer 202 time series provide data for the observed period from November 1998 to December 2006, and are organized as follows: Depth (m): measured interval from the bottom of the casing up to the ground surface (0,5 m step) Data: gg/mm/aaa Raw data A0 – A180 – B0 – B180: numbers recorded by the probe corresponding to the values of the tube inclination relative to the vertical, projected on the planes A and B; the measure unit is expressed in digit (electrical value). CheckSum A and B: add of the two values obtained in diametrically opposite direction at the same depth. The checksums produce a constant value, where a low standard deviation would confirm data quality. Lateral deviation A – B – Resultant: lateral displacements are calculated at each depth Cumulative deviation SA – SB – Resultant: sum of successive lateral deviation Differential Lateral Deviation A Diff – B Diff – Resultant Diff: incremental displacement represents the variation from each measurement interval Cumulative Displacement SAInt Diff – SB Int Diff – Resultant Ins Diff: sum of the incremental displacements. The main feature of the inclinometer 202 are: Inclinometer Tube Internal Diameter – 76.1 mm Probe type – Sinco Digitilt Inclinometer (P/N 50302510 S/N 28447) Probe unit – meter Probe constant – 25000 sinα Probe Type – Biaxial Probe Sensors – Servoinclinometers Shallowest depth: 1 m Deepest Depth: 54.50 m Reading Interval: 0.5 m A0 Direction: N230 Height of the reference plan (P.R.) relative to campaign plan (p.c.) Depth probe relative to p.c.: 54.50 m

The Montaldo di Cosola landslide is a complex landslide reactivated in the flood event occurred in autumn 1993, and located in Cabella Ligure municipality, in the mountain area of the Appennines (Alessandria, Piemonte, Northern Italy). This landslide was monitored with an inclinometer monitoring network installed in the Montaldo di Cosola Landslide made up two inclinometers and an automated inclinometer system (AIS) and two piezometers from 2000 to 2001, and three inclinometers, an automated inclinometer system and six piezometers from 2002 to 2004.

The Ivancich Inclinometer 113 is located inside the landslide at about 460 m asl, and is located in a 32,3 m deep borehole. The inclinometer probe measures tilt of two orthogonal axes “A” and “B”; in particular is read the measure corresponding to the axes inclination (θ). The conversion from angular values to displacement occurs through trigonometric function. The sine function, i.e. the angular value, is derived from the value produced by sensors, in general for measure between +/-15° from the vertical. The angle θ is the inclination angle from vertical, the hypotenuse is the pace of the probe, i.e. the measuring range, or step of readings (generally 0.5 m), while the opposite side is the lateral “deviation”. The lateral displacements are calculated at each depth; for convention this value is called “lateral deviation”. The sum of successive lateral deviation is called “cumulative deviation”. The cumulative deviation variations define the inclinometer tube displacement. The incremental displacement represents the variation from each measurement interval. The cumulative displacement is the sum of the incremental displacements. The common inclinometers data graphs showing the displays cumulative lateral deformation with depth, starting at the bottom of the casing and summing increments of displacement for each measured interval up to the ground surface. The inclinometer 113 time series provide data for the observed period from November 1998 to December 2006, and are organized as follows: Depth (m): measured interval from the bottom of the casing up to the ground surface (0,5 m step) Data: gg/mm/aaa Raw data A0 – A180 – B0 – B180: numbers recorded by the probe corresponding to the values of the tube inclination relative to the vertical, projected on the planes A and B; the measure unit is expressed in digit (electrical value). CheckSum A and B: add of the two values obtained in diametrically opposite direction at the same depth. The checksums produce a constant value, where a low standard deviation would confirm data quality. Lateral deviation A – B – Resultant: lateral displacements are calculated at each depth Cumulative deviation SA – SB – Resultant: sum of successive lateral deviation Differential Lateral Deviation A Diff – B Diff – Resultant Diff: incremental displacement represents the variation from each measurement interval Cumulative Displacement SAInt Diff – SB Int Diff – Resultant Ins Diff: sum of the incremental displacements. The main feature of the inclinometer 113 are: Inclinometer Tube Internal Diameter – 76.1 mm Probe type – Sinco Digitilt Inclinometer (P/N 50302510 S/N 28447) Probe unit – meter Probe constant – 25000 sinα Probe Type – Biaxial Probe Sensors – Servoinclinometers Shallowest depth: 1 m Deepest Depth: 32.3 m Reading Interval: 0.5 m A0 Direction: N220 Height of the reference plan (P.R.) relative to campaign plan (p.c.): +0.20 m Depth probe relative to p.c.: 32.30 m

At the Ivancich landslide an inclinometer monitoring network has been installed on November 1998. The inclinometer network measured from November 1998 to December 2006, and consists of several inclinometers refer to an extended monitoring network of the landslide. For the Ivancich landslide were considered 4 inclinometers (103, 113B, 117 and 202), the data of which were published in Calò, F.; Ardizzone, F.; Castaldo, R.; Lollino, P.; Tizzani, P.; Guzzetti, F.; Lanari, R.; Angeli, M.G.; Pontoni, F.; Manunta. M.. Enhanced landslide investigations through advanced DInSAR techniques: The Ivancich case study, Assisi, Italy. Remote Sensing of Environment 142, 69-82. The monitoring network allowed sub-surface displacement measurements, and led to the identification of the depth and thickness of slide shear zones. The inclinometer system consists of an inclinometer probe used to survey ground movement causes by the casing movement, calculated by comparing data from the initial data recorded. These instruments measure relative horizontal displacements affecting the casing. The bottom end of the casing is used as a stable reference and must be embedded beyond the displacement zone. Relative displacement over time is recorded by repeating measurements at the same depths. In particular, was recorded the tilt of two perpendicular planes, named “A” and “B”. In a standard inclinometer survey, the probe is draw from the bottom to the top of the casing. The inclinometer is a sensitive measuring instrument, and accurate inclinometer measurements depend on the instrument quality and the care taken during the execution of the measures.