At the AWS Urdukas station the CX115P Lsi-Lastem barometer is connected with measurement system (recorder, data logger) that accepts analog signals. The barometer functions according to the piezometric principle: a resistive film is deposited on a slice of silica with a bridge form; as the pressure changes, the slice will deform and consequently changes the system's resistance. The CX115P model mounts a special thermal compensation system that significantly reduces drift. Specific characteristic: Range: 800 ž 1100 hPa (1 hPa=1 mBar) Sea level correction range: -300...+2000 mt. Thermal drift: 0,01 hPa/°C (-10..+60°C) Linearity&Hysteresis: < 0,3% of the range Overload: max. 2 Pa Load resi stance: Current output types: <500W. Power consumption: 3 W Response time (T90): 1 ms Environmental limits: -25 .. +60°C Output connections: terminals Weight: 650 gr. Housing case material: Plastic Protection: IP40 Downward cable outlet

Liligo Glacier is a small glacier located in a transverse valley, which flows on the south side of Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. Terminus variations of Liligo Glacier since 1892 were reconstructed using various methods and sources (historical documents, cartography, photographs, satellite images and field surveys). The glacier is characterized by two phases of strong advance (beginning and end of the 20th century), separated by at least half a century of retreat. The advance rates, together with some ice-surface features such as the heavily crevassed surface and terminus morphology, are considered to be indicative of a surge-type glacier.

From 2004 to June 2013 the staion was equipped with the LSI-Lastem DMA570 termohygrometer. Since 2013 the sensor was replaced with the new one: Vaisala HMP155 Humidity and Temperature Probe. Feature/Benefits: ▪ Vaisala HUMICAP®180R sensor superior long-term stability ▪ Optional warmed humidity probe and chemical purge ▪ Plug-and-play ▪ USB connection for service use ▪ Fits with DTR13 and DTR503 radiation shields and also for a Stevenson screen ▪ Weather-proof housing IP66 ▪ Optional, fast temperature probe ▪ Different output possibilities: voltage, RS-485, resistive Pt100 ▪ Applications: meteorology, aviation and road weather, instrumentation Technical characteristics: Relative humidity Measurement range 0 ... 100 %RH Accuracy (incl. non-linearity, hysteresis and repeatability) at +15 ... +25 °C (+59 ... +77 °F) ±1 %RH (0 ... 90 %RH); ±1.7 %RH (90 ... 100 %RH); -20 ... +40 °C (-4 ... 104 °F) ±(1.0 + 0.008 x reading) %RH; -40 ... -20 °C (-40 ... -4 °F) ±(1.2 + 0.012 x reading) %RH; +40 ... +60 °C (+104 ... +140 °F) ±(1.2 + 0.012 x reading) %RH; -60 ... -40 °C (-76 ... -40 °F) ±(1.4 + 0.032 x reading) %RH Factory calibration uncertainty (+20 °C /+68 °F); ±0.6 %RH (0 ... 40 %RH)*; ±1.0 %RH (40 ... 97 %RH)* * Defined as ±2 standard deviation limits. Small variations possible, see also calibration certificate. Recommended humidity sensor HUMICAP®180R(C) Response time at +20 °C in still air with a sintered PTFE filter 63 % 20 s/ 90 % 60 s Temperature Measurement range -80 ... +60 °C (-112 ... +140 °F) Accuracy with voltage output at -80 ... +20 °C ±(0.226 - 0.0028 x temperature) °C; +20 ... +60 °C ±(0.055 + 0.0057 x temperature) °C passive (resistive) output according to IEC 751 1/3 Class B ±(0.1 + 0.00167 x |temperature|)°C RS485 output -80 ... +20 °C ±(0.176 - 0.0028 x temperature) °C +20 ... +60 °C ±(0.07 + 0.0025 x temperature) °C Accuracy over temperature range (opposite) Temperature sensor Pt100 RTD Class F0.1 IEC 60751 Response time with additional temperature probe in 3 m/s air flow 63 % <20 s/ 90 % <35 s

At the AWS Urdukas station the CM6B Kipp&Zonen pyranometer is installed. It is mounted on a 2m pole. The CM6B is a first class pyranometer as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. It is suitable for the measurement of solar irradiance on a plane surface (W/m2). It incorporates a 64-thermocouple sensor, which is rotationally symmetrical, housed under K5 domes. A white screen prevents the body of the pyranometer from heating up. The pyranometer is supplied with a spirit level and screws for accurate levelling. A drying cartridge keeps the interior free from humidity. The technical characteristics are: - Spectral range 305...2800 nm (50%points) - Sensitivity 9...15µV/Wm-2 - Impedance 70...100 Ohm - Response time 1/e 5 s, 99 % 55 s - Non-linearity <1.5 % (<1000 W/m2) - Tilt error <1.5 % at 1000 W/m2 - Operating temperature -40...+90 °C - Temperature dependence of sensitivity +/- 2% (-10...+40°C) - Maximum irradiance 2000 W/m2 - Directional error <+/- 20 W/m2 at 1000 W/m2 - Weight 0.85 kg - Cable length 10

At the Urdukas AWS the DMA570 Lsi-Lastem Termohygrometer is mounted on a 2 m pole. It is a probe for measuring air temperature and air relative humidity with replaceable sensitive element for simplify calibration and maintenance. LSI-Lastem supplies a precise and reliable set of probes, suitable for a continuous measurement in severe environments, in presence of deep thermal and hygrometric ranges with high sun radiant heat. An important feature of this set of sensor is that the thermohygrometric sensitive element is easily replaceable, in order to have a simple and rapid ordinary maintenance and avoiding calibration. The Thermohygrometer has supported a considerable improvement, owing to a deep technical and styling development process: a fan ensures a continuos air change around the sensor in order to eliminate temperature fault caused by radiant heat. For temperature: Range -30.+70°C Sensitive element Pt100 1/3 DIN-B Accuracy ± 0,1°C (0°C) Hysteresis&Repeatability na Resolution 0,025°C Long term stability -0.04% (after 5 years at 200°C) Calibration uncertainty 0,1°C Response time (T63) Wind speed 0,3-0,5 m/s: 80sec Radiation shield efficiency with respect to forced ventilation sensor (wind 0,5m/s, rad.800 W/m2): +0,6°C For relative humidity: Range: Nom.0..100%, Eff.10..98% Sensitive element Capacitive Accuracy 2,5% (11-90%) 0,6°C (20°C, 50%RH) Hysteresis&Repeatability 0,5% Resolution 0,2% Long term stability -2%/year (at 75%RH) n.a. Calibration uncertainty 0,1°C 1,5% na Response time (T63) Wind speed 0,3-0,5 m/s: 80sec Radiation shield efficiency with respect to forced ventilation sensor (wind 0,5m/s, rad.800 W/m2): n.a. General characteristic: Ventilation: Natural Electric output Jumper locally selectable 2 x 0-20 mA, 4-20 mA, 0-5 V, 1-5 V. 60-300 mV Output signals Output n.1: temperature. Output n.2: RH% or dew point (default RH%) Operating temperature -30°+70°C Sampling rate 1 sec. (default) PC programmable 1..300 sec. N°acquisitions for mobile average calculation: N°1 (default), PC programmable 1..20 acquisitions Load resistance (mA output): DMA570 300 Ohm

From 2004 to 2012 the AWS Urdukas station was equipped with the CombiSD DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor, mounted on a 5m pole. In 2013 this sensor was replaced with a Vaisala - Wind Set WA15. Overview: - high-performance wind measurement set; - long and successful track record in meteorological applications; - low measurement starting threshold; - conical anemometer cups provide excellent linearity; - heated shaft prevents bearings from freezing. Technical Specifications Wind Speed - Sensor / transducer type: cup anemometer / opto-chopper - Measurement range: 0.4...75 m/s - Starting threshold: <0.5 m/s * - Distance constant: 2.0 m - Accuracy (range 0.4...60 m/s) with characteristic transfer function: ±0.17 m/s ** with transfer function U=0.1xR: ±0.5 m/s * Measured with cup wheel in position least favoured by flow direction. Optimum position gives approx. 0.35 m/s threshold. ** Standard deviation. Wind Direction: - Sensor / transducer type: vane / optical code disc - Measurement range (wind speed 0.4...75 m/s):0...360° - Starting threshold: <0.4 m/s - Delay distance: 0.4 m - Resolution: ±2.8° - Accuracy: better than ±3°

At the AWS Urdukas station the DQA035 Lsi-Lastem rain gauge is mounted on a 1,5 m mast. This model of Rain gauge has a 1.000 cmq collector area. The measurement device is composed of a collector cone and a double chamber bascule connected to a magnete that operates one (optional two) reed switch, which generates impulses that can be counted by external meters: each impulse is equal to 0.2 mm of rain (optional from 0.1 to 0.5 mm). The mechanical and electrical specifications are: - Collector surface area: 1000 cmq - Collector area diameter: 420 mm - Measurements range: 180 mm/hr - Resolution: o,2 mm/imp. (opt. 0,1; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; mm/imp.) - Accuracy: 0-1 mm/min: 1% 1-3 mm/min: 2% 3-5 mm/min: 4% 5-10 mm/min: 8% - Contact: 1 reed (opt. N.2 reed) 0,5 A/24V non inductive - Pulse duration: 100 msec.± 5 - Collector cone material: Brass - External housing material: Inox AISI30 - Tipping bucket material: Alluminium - Cable: 10 m - Weight: 6,3 kg - Power supply: /thermocover 100 W, 24 Vca/Va

The Baltoro Glacier, 62 km long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the Polar Regions. It is located in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. In the middle of the Baltoro glacier there is the campsite of Urdukas located on the trek way to Concordia. This automatic weather station was installed, in June 17, 2004 on the Baltoro Glacier, more precisely on a moraine ridge close to the left glacier margin at 3926 m asl. Geographical coordinates: Latitude: 35° 43' 41" N Longitude: 76° 17' 10" E Elevation: 3926 m a.s.l.

The recent dynamic behaviour of Karakoram glaciers is expected to differ from that shown by glaciers in the central and eastern Himalaya because of regional variations in precipitation and temperature trends. However, there are insufficient quantitative data to support or confute such hypotheses. We present velocity data covering the period 1993-2008 for Baltoro Glacier, one of the longest glaciers in the Karakoram. Velocity measurements were made using cross-correlation feature tracking applied to European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1 and -2) and Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data, supplemented by differential global positioning system (DGPS) measurements. We find a gradual acceleration of the glacier during the early 2000s, in particular during winter months. Multi-seasonal data reveal a large difference between summer and winter flow characteristics, but only in the upper ablation zone. Summer 2005 was a particularly dynamic period following from the heavy winter snowfall of 2004, indicating the importance of basal meltwater availability for glacier flow. Transverse velocity profiles indicate that Baltoro Glacier undergoes 'block' flow across much of the upper ablation zone during the summer, which we interpret as evidence of widespread basal sliding. The DGPS data confirm the rapid increase in flow detected during 2005. Modelled climatic data reveal decreasing summer temperatures and increasing precipitation over the study period, helping to explain the observed dynamic variations and their differences from glaciers elsewhere in the Himalaya.

The Baltoro Glacier, 62 km long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the Polar Regions. It is located in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. In the middle of the Baltoro glacier there is the campsite of Urdukas located on the trek way to Concordia. This automatic weather station was installed, in June 17, 2004 on the Baltoro Glacier, more precisely on a moraine ridge close to the left glacier margin at 3926 m asl.