From 2004 to 2012 the AWS Urdukas station was equipped with the CombiSD DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor, mounted on a 5m pole. In 2013 this sensor was replaced with a Vaisala - Wind Set WA15. Overview: - high-performance wind measurement set; - long and successful track record in meteorological applications; - low measurement starting threshold; - conical anemometer cups provide excellent linearity; - heated shaft prevents bearings from freezing. Technical Specifications Wind Speed - Sensor / transducer type: cup anemometer / opto-chopper - Measurement range: 0.4...75 m/s - Starting threshold: <0.5 m/s * - Distance constant: 2.0 m - Accuracy (range 0.4...60 m/s) with characteristic transfer function: ±0.17 m/s ** with transfer function U=0.1xR: ±0.5 m/s * Measured with cup wheel in position least favoured by flow direction. Optimum position gives approx. 0.35 m/s threshold. ** Standard deviation. Wind Direction: - Sensor / transducer type: vane / optical code disc - Measurement range (wind speed 0.4...75 m/s):0...360° - Starting threshold: <0.4 m/s - Delay distance: 0.4 m - Resolution: ±2.8° - Accuracy: better than ±3°

At the AWS Askole station the CombiSD DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor is mounted on a 5m pole. The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction. Its use simplifies the installation and the plant design in respect of the sensors with separate measurements plus giving some other advantages being smaller, lighter and cheaper. The CombiSD DNA022: sensor has a direct signal output. Frequency (Hz) for wind speed and resistance (Ohm) for wind direction. the CombiSD has low power consumption, it can be used in systems with small energy availability. The technical characteristics are: - Principle of operation: 3 cups and vane anemometer - Speed sensor: Optoelectronic disk - Direction sensor: 2000 Ohm wire potentiometer / Positioning Hall effect sensor - Housing: Heavy gauge anodised aluminium - Shaft carriers: Low-torque stainless steel bearings - Protection (vertical position): IP65 - Mechanical mounting: On 48 50 mm diameter mast - Electrical outlet terminators: IP65 watertight connector - Weight (instrument with rotors): 950 gr. The Physical and operational specification are: - damage threshold > 75 m/s - operating temperature: -30°+70°C The speed measures are specified by: - Measurement range: 0-60 m/s (using transfer function) - Threshold: 0,21 m/s - Response time (63% at 5 m/s): 0.8 s - Distance constant (delay distance) at 5 m/s: 4 m - Resolution (integration time=1s): 0.05 m/s - Accuracy & Linearity: 0,1 m/s+1%VL (readout), if connected to LASTEM data loggers. The direction measures are specified by: - Measurement range: 0 ÷ 360 - Threshold: 0,15 m/s - Response time (at 5 m/s): 0,26 s - Delay distance (at 5 m/s): 1,32 m - Damping coefficient (VDI3786): 0,21 - Transfer function: Dir(°)= 355 x R(Ohm)/2000 - Resolution: 0,1 - Accuracy: 1% FS (Full scale) - Integral linearity: 0,5%

In the framework of Ev-K2-CNR / SHARE (Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment) project the first permanent Automatic Weather Station (AWS) has been installed in Uganda, on July 18, 2006 in the western part of the Stanley Plateau, the biggest Rwenzori glacial mass. The Project was carried out during the celebration of Mt. Ruwenzori first ascent by Duke of Abruzzi in 1906 . This station has the same technical characteristics of the Ev-K2- CNR networks located in the high altitude regions of Himalaya and Karakorum. The station records continuously measurements of the seven meteorological standard parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, global solar radiation and total precipitation. The Rwenzori observations will permit to study physical and dynamical processes at Africa high elevations in the framework of SHARE and GEWEX-CEOP HE programs to improve our understanding of variability and change in hydrological and energy cycles and their role in the climate system.

The DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor is mounted on a 5m pole on Kala Patthar station in 2008. The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction. Its use simplifies the installation and the plant design in respect of the sensors with separate measurements plus giving some other advantages being smaller, lighter and cheaper. The CombiSD DNA022: sensor has a direct signal output. Frequency (Hz) for wind speed and resistance (Ohm) for wind direction. The CombiSD has low power consumption, it can be used in systems with small energy availability.

Overview • High-performance wind measurement set • Long and successful track record in meteorological applications • Low measurement starting threshold • Conical anemometer cups provide excellent linearity • Heated shaft prevents bearings from freezing Technical Specifications Wind speed Sensor / transducer type: cup anemometer / opto-chopper Measurement range: 0.4...75 m/s Starting threshold: <0.5 m/s * Distance constant: 2.0 m Accuracy (range 0.4...60 m/s) with characteristic transfer function: ±0.17 m/s ** with transfer function U=0.1xR: ±0.5 m/s Wind direction Sensor / transducer type: vane / optical code disc Measurement range: 0...360° Starting threshold: <0.4 m/s Delay distance: 0.4 m Resolution: ±2.8° Accuracy: better than ±3°

At Urdukas Station, a DNA022 CombiSD was installed. This sensor is manufactured by Lsi-Lastem (Italy company). The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction.

Namche Station is part of the station network of automated measurement stations (AWSs) that were installed in the Eastern Himalayas: the AWSs are located at different altitudes, over a stretch oriented approximately 40 km south to north. At the AWS Namche station the CombiSD DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor is mounted on a 5m pole. The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction. Its use simplifies the installation and the plant design in respect of the sensors with separate measurements plus giving some other advantages being smaller, lighter and cheaper. The CombiSD DNA022: sensor has a direct signal output. Frequency (Hz) for wind speed and resistance (Ohm) for wind direction. the CombiSD has low power consumption, it can be used in systems with small energy availability.

At Urdukas Station, a DNA022 CombiSD was installed. This sensor is manufactured by Lsi-Lastem (Italy company). The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction.

Namche Station is part of the station network of automated measurement stations (AWSs) that were installed in the Eastern Himalayas: the AWSs are located at different altitudes, over a stretch oriented approximately 40 km south to north. At the AWS Namche station the CombiSD DNA022 Lsi-Lastem combined wind speed-direction sensor is mounted on a 5m pole. The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction. Its use simplifies the installation and the plant design in respect of the sensors with separate measurements plus giving some other advantages being smaller, lighter and cheaper. The CombiSD DNA022: sensor has a direct signal output. Frequency (Hz) for wind speed and resistance (Ohm) for wind direction. the CombiSD has low power consumption, it can be used in systems with small energy availability. The CombiSD sensor includes, in a single apparatus, the both transducers for measuring wind speed and wind direction. Its use simplifies the installation and the plant design in respect of the sensors with separate measurements plus giving some other advantages being smaller, lighter and cheaper. The CombiSD DNA022: sensor has a direct signal output. Frequency (Hz) for wind speed and resistance (Ohm) for wind direction. the CombiSD has low power consumption, it can be used in systems with small energy availability. The technical characteristics are: - Principle of operation: 3 cups and vane anemometer - Speed sensor: Optoelectronic disk - Direction sensor: 2000 Ohm wire potentiometer / Positioning Hall effect sensor - Housing: Heavy gauge anodised aluminium - Shaft carriers: Low-torque stainless steel bearings - Protection (vertical position): IP65 - Mechanical mounting: On 48 50 mm diameter mast - Electrical outlet terminators: IP65 watertight connector - Weight (instrument with rotors): 950 gr. The Physical and operational specification are: - damage threshold > 75 m/s - operating temperature: -30°+70°C The speed measures are specified by: - Measurement range: 0-60 m/s (using transfer function) - Threshold: 0,21 m/s - Response time (63% at 5 m/s): 0.8 s - Distance constant (delay distance) at 5 m/s: 4 m - Resolution (integration time=1s): 0.05 m/s - Accuracy & Linearity: 0,1 m/s+1%VL (readout), if connected to LASTEM data loggers. The direction measures are specified by: - Measurement range: 0 ÷ 360 - Threshold: 0,15 m/s - Response time (at 5 m/s): 0,26 s - Delay distance (at 5 m/s): 1,32 m - Damping coefficient (VDI3786): 0,21 - Transfer function: Dir(°)= 355 x R(Ohm)/2000 - Resolution: 0,1 - Accuracy: 1% FS (Full scale) - Integral linearity: 0,5%