Misure continuative di ozono superficiale sono eseguite presso l'Osservatorio Climatico – Ambientale di Capo Granitola attraverso un analizzatore ad assorbimento UV Thermo 49i. La risoluzione temporale dei dati grezzi e' pari ad 1 minuto. Ogni 24 ore vengono eseguiti in modo automatico controlli di zero e span utilizzando una sorgente esterna di aria pulita ed un generatore interno di ozono. Nell’ambito del network I-AMICA esso sarà tarato attraverso un calibratore secondario riferito alla scala internazionale GAW-WMO. Instrument (Thermo 49i) is connected by a Teflon pipe (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Teflon material) are present at the instrument inlet (changed every 30 days). Internal span source (ozonator) and external zero source (Purafill© filled cartridge) allow the daily execution of zero/span check. Instrument will be calibrated in-situ on a yearly basis against a travelling calibrator (thermos 49iPS) hosted at the “twin” I-AMICA station of Lecce. The travelling calibrator will be compared against the standard reference SRP15 hosted at the GAW WCC at EMPA. Data are recorded on a 1-minute basis by a station server and delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna. Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. SOP are extracted by the GAW Report No. 209 “Guidelines for Continuous Measurements of Ozone in the Troposphere”

Gli ossidi di azoto (NOx=NO+NO2) sono misurati utilizzando un analizzatore a Chemioluminescenza (Thermo 42i-TL), dotato di convertitore al Molibdeno per la determinazione della NO2. Il limite di rilevabilità dello strumento è pari a 0.05 ppb (medie sul minuto). In futuro la tecnica della GPT verrà utilizzata per verificare l’efficienza del convertitore di NO2. Instrument (Thermo 42TL) is connected by a Teflon pipe (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Teflon material) are present at the instrument inlet (changed every 30 days). Currently only zero check are performed at the station by using an external zero air generator (Thermo 1160). Detection limit was assessed to be 0.05 ppb. No dilution system (for NO span) nor GPT system (for NO2 calibration) are currently available at the station but actions are currently on-going to obtain funds for installing these devices. Also the substitution of the analyser Molybdenum converter with a photolytic converter is foreseen. Data are recorded on a 1-minute basis by a station server and delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna. Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. NOTE: substitution of the Mo converter by a photolytic converter (e.g. BLC) is foreseen. Actions are currently on-going to achieve this objective. SOP are extracted by the ACTRIS “Draft for standardized operating procedures (SOPs) for NOxy measurements (Version: 2012/04/02)”

Le concentrazioni di anidride carbonica sono misurate utilizzando l’analizzatore PICARRO G2401; tale strumento si basa sulla tecnologia Cavity-Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) che, dall’analisi dell’attenuazione di un segnale laser su un cammino ottico di 20 km, permette di valutare in modo accurato e selettivo le concentrazione dei gas. Lo strumento è stato tarato sulla base di miscele di taratura fornite dal World Calibration Center (NOAA-GMDL) della rete WMO/GAW. Ogni 48 ore vengono eseguite tarature di routine utilizzando working standard commerciali Instrument (Picarro G2401) is used to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide. The instrument is connected by a Synflex 1300 (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Svagelock) are present at the instrument inlet. Scale and calibration: WMO-CO2-X2007. Once the implementation phase will be ended (end of summer 2015), two working standards will be used for automatic calibration every 48h. These working standard will be calibrated every month against two travelling/secondary standards which, on turn, will be calibrated, every six months against NOAA – GMDL reference cylinders (CB11039, CB11164, CB10928) hosted at the twin station “Lamezia Terme” and representing the laboratory primary standard. The working and secondary standards have CO2 mole fractions representing upper and lower ranges of the expected ambient variability. Working standards (50 lt, Alluminum tanks at 150bar) and travelling standards (10 lt, Aluminum tanks at 150 bar) are provided by RIVOIRA (Praxair). Two-stage stainless steel pressure regulators for high purity gas are used (Praxiar RSD2SX). Currently and until the end of the implementation phase, manual calibration against the two working standard is carried out every 14days/1month by ISAC-CNR operators. The link to the NOAA-GMDL standard at Lamezia Terme is still not effective, thus currently the instrument is running with factory calibration parameter. Data are recorded on a 5 sec basis by the Picarro internal PC and mirrored to a station server , then delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna, where 1-minute average were calculated. Final aggregation to hourly average will be executed by using validated 1-min data. On hourly basis data will be flagged to identify “background” observations. This can be done both by considering wind sector (with the aim of selecting observations under sea breeze conditions, thus neglecting influence from in-land contributions) as well as by using de-spiking procedures as proposed by Thoning et al. [1989] . Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. SOP are extracted by the: GAW Report No. 185 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide and their Quality Assurance”, GAW Report No. 192 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide”; GAW Report No. 213 “17th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques”.

Le concentrazioni di anidride solforosa sono misurate utilizzando un sistema basato sul principio della fluorescenza UV (Thermo 43i TL). Sono eseguiti controlli giornalieri di zero e span utilizzando un generatore esterno di aria pulita ed una sorgente interna (tubo a permeazione con set point a 48 ppb) di SO2. Il limite di rilevabilità è pari a 0.18 ppb. Instrument (Thermo 43iTLE) is connected by a Teflon pipe (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Teflon material) are present at the instrument inlet (changed every 30 days). Internal span source (permeation tube with certified emission rate of 53 +/- 2% microg/min) and external zero source (activated charcoal filled cartridge) allow the daily execution of zero/span check. Currently, no dilution system is available at the station for performing multi-point calibration. Detection limit was evaluated to be 0.18 ppb. Actions are currently on-going for installing this device at the station. Data are recorded on a 1-minute basis by a station server and delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna. Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station.

Gli ossidi di azoto (NOx=NO+NO2) sono misurati utilizzando un analizzatore a Chemioluminescenza (Thermo 42i-TL), dotato di convertitore al Molibdeno per la determinazione della NO2. Il limite di rilevabilità dello strumento è pari a 0.05 ppb (medie sul minuto). In futuro la tecnica della GPT verrà utilizzata per verificare l’efficienza del convertitore di NO2. Instrument (Thermo 42TL) is connected by a Teflon pipe (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Teflon material) are present at the instrument inlet (changed every 30 days). Currently only zero check are performed at the station by using an external zero air generator (Thermo 1160). Detection limit was assessed to be 0.05 ppb. No dilution system (for NO span) nor GPT system (for NO2 calibration) are currently available at the station but actions are currently on-going to obtain funds for installing these devices. Also the substitution of the analyser Molybdenum converter with a photolytic converter is foreseen. Data are recorded on a 1-minute basis by a station server and delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna. Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. NOTE: substitution of the Mo converter by a photolytic converter (e.g. BLC) is foreseen. Actions are currently on-going to achieve this objective. SOP are extracted by the ACTRIS “Draft for standardized operating procedures (SOPs) for NOxy measurements (Version: 2012/04/02)”

Le concentrazioni di monossido di carbonio sono misurate utilizzando l’analizzatore PICARRO G2401; tale strumento si basa sulla tecnologia Cavity-Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) che, dall’analisi dell’attenuazione di un segnale laser su un cammino ottico di 20 km, permette di valutare in modo accurato e selettivo le concentrazione dei gas. Lo strumento è stato tarato sulla base di miscele di taratura fornite dal World Calibration Center (NOAA-GMDL) della rete WMO/GAW. Ogni 48 ore vengono eseguite tarature di routine utilizzando working standard commerciali Instrument (Picarro G2401) is used to determine atmospheric carbon monoxide. The instrument is connected by a Synflex 1300 (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Svagelock) are present at the instrument inlet. Scale and calibration: WMO-CO-X2014. Once the implementation phase will be ended (end of summer 2015), two working standards (6 working standards in total) will be used for automatic calibration every 48h. These working standard will be calibrated every month against two travelling/secondary standards which, on turn, will be calibrated, every six months against NOAA – GMDL reference cylinders (CB11039, CB11164, CB10928) hosted at the twin station “Lamezia Terme” and representing the laboratory primary standard. The working and secondary standards have CO mole fractions representing upper and lower ranges of the expected ambient variability. Working standards (50 lt, Alluminum tanks at 150bar) and travelling standards (10 lt, Aluminum tanks at 150 bar) are provided by RIVOIRA (Praxair). Two-stage stainless steel pressure regulators for high purity gas are used (Praxiar RSD2SX). Currently and until the end of the implementation phase, manual calibration against the two working standard is carried out every 14days/1month by ISAC-CNR operators. The link to the NOAA-GMDL standard at Lamezia Terme is still not effective, thus currently the instrument is running with factory calibration parameter. Data are recorded on a 5 sec basis by the Picarro internal PC and mirrored to a station server , then delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna, where 1-minute average were calculated. Final aggregation to hourly average will be executed by using validated 1-min data. On hourly basis data will be flagged to identify “background” observations. This can be done both by considering wind sector (with the aim of selecting observations under sea breeze conditions, thus neglecting influence from in-land contributions) as well as by using de-spiking procedures as proposed by Thoning et al. [1989] . Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. SOP are extracted by the: GAW Report No. 185 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide and their Quality Assurance”, GAW Report No. 192 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide”; GAW Report No. 213 “17th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques”.

Le concentrazioni di metano sono misurate utilizzando l’analizzatore PICARRO G2401; tale strumento si basa sulla tecnologia Cavity-Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) che, dall’analisi dell’attenuazione di un segnale laser su un cammino ottico di 20 km, permette di valutare in modo accurato e selettivo le concentrazione dei gas. Lo strumento è stato tarato sulla base di miscele di taratura fornite dal World Calibration Center (NOAA-GMDL) della rete WMO/GAW. Ogni 48 ore vengono eseguite tarature di routine utilizzando working standard commerciali Instrument (Picarro G2401) is used to determine atmospheric methane. The instrument is connected by a Synflex 1300 (OD: ¼”) to the air intake manifold. Antiparticulate filter (Svagelock) are present at the instrument inlet. Scale and calibration: WMO-CH4-X2004 Once the implementation phase will be ended (end of summer 2015), two working standards will be used for automatic calibration every 48h. These working standard will be calibrated every month against two travelling/secondary standards which, on turn, will be calibrated, every six months against NOAA – GMDL reference cylinders (CB11039, CB11164, CB10928) hosted at the twin station “Lamezia Terme” and representing the laboratory primary standard. The working and secondary standards have CH4 mole fractions representing upper and lower ranges of the expected ambient variability. Working standards (50 lt, Alluminum tanks at 150bar) and travelling standards (10 lt, Aluminum tanks at 150 bar) are provided by RIVOIRA (Praxair). Two-stage stainless steel pressure regulators for high purity gas are used (Praxiar RSD2SX). Currently and until the end of the implementation phase, manual calibration against the two working standard is carried out every 14days/1month by ISAC-CNR operators. The link to the NOAA-GMDL standard at Lamezia Terme is still not effective, thus currently the instrument is running with factory calibration parameter. Data are recorded on a 5 sec basis by the Picarro internal PC and mirrored to a station server, then delivered in NRT mode to ISAC-CNR HQs in Bologna, where 1-minute average were calculated. Final aggregation to hourly average will be executed by using validated 1-min data. On hourly basis data will be flagged to identify “background” observations. This can be done both by considering wind sector (with the aim of selecting observations under sea breeze conditions, thus neglecting influence from in-land contributions) as well as by using de-spiking procedures as proposed by Thoning et al. [1989] . Information about instrument functioning and intervention are stored within an e-logbook. Instrument manual are present at the station. SOP are extracted by the: GAW Report No. 185 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide and their Quality Assurance”, GAW Report No. 192 “Guidelines for the Measurement of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide”; GAW Report No. 213 “17th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques”.

Grazie ad un radiometro CNR4 Kipp & Zonen, sono misurate le componenti incidente e riflessa della radiazione solare short-wave (lunghezza d’onda) e long-wave (lunghezza d’onda). Il radiometro è stato tarato presso il World Calibration Center del WMO di Davos prima della sua installazione. The CNR 4 net radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-wave and long-wave Far Infrared (FIR) radiation versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing long-wave radiation. The CNR 4 net radiometer consists of a pyranometer pair, one facing upward, the other facing downward, and a pyrgeometer pair in a similar configuration. The pyranometer pair measures the short-wave radiation. And the pyrgeometer pair measures long-wave radiation. The upper long-wave detector of CNR 4 has a meniscus dome. This ensures that water droplets role off easily and improves the field of view to nearly 180°, compared with a 150° for a flat window. All 4 sensors are integrated directly into the instrument body, instead of separate modules mounted onto the housing. But are each calibrated individually for optimal accuracy. Two temperature sensors, a Pt-100 and Thermistor, are integrated for compatibility with every data logger. The temperature sensor is used to provide information to correct the infrared readings for the temperature of the instrument housing. Care has been taken to place the long-wave sensors close to each other and close to the temperature sensors. This assures that the temperatures of the measurement surfaces are the same and accurately known. Which improves the quality of the long-wave measurements.

I parametri meteorologici (temperatura dell’aria, pressione atmosferica, umidità relativa, precipitazione, velocità e direzione del vento) sono misurati con una stazione meteorologica automatica Vaisala WXT520. Meteorological parameters (air-temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, rain precipitation, wind speed and direction) are measured by an automatic weather station (Vaisala WXT520). Technical details: Wind Speed (range: 0 - 60 m/s, response time: 250 ms, accuracy (0 - 35 m/s): ±0.3 m/s or ±3%, accuracy (35 - 60 m/s): ±5%; output resolutions: 0.1 m/s) units 0.1 mph, 0.1 knots Wind Direction (response time: 250 ms; accuracy ±3°; output resolution and unit 1°) Rainfall (output resolutions and units 0.01 mm, accuracy: 5%, Due to the nature of the phenomenon, deviations caused by spatial variations may exist in precipitation readings, specially in a short time scale. The accuracy specification does not include possible wind induced errors) Relative Humidity (Range: 0 - 100 %RH; Accuracy (0-90%): ±3 %. accuracu (90-100%):±5, output resolution and unit 0.1 %R) Barometric Pressure (Range: 600 - 1100 hPa; Accuracy (0 - +30 °C): ±0.5 hPa, accuracy (-52 - +60 °C ): ±1 hPa, Output resolutions and units: 0.1 hPa) Air Temperature (Range: -52 - +60 °C; Accuracy for sensor at +20 °C: ±0.3 °C)