The Atacama Desert is a plateau located in South America, where ground surface deformation (uplift) was revealed by space-borne InSAR analysis on salt lakes, named Salars. These salars are located at about 4000-5000 m asl, in the Atofagasta region, in a hyperarid desert, one of the driest place on the Earth, and are characterized by saline detritic crust and efflorescences caused by water movement. The uplift revealed is probably related to the regional decrease of the permafrost elevation, which may contribute to an increase in the annual volume of incoming groundwater. In that area several flanks of inactive volcanoes show gravitational processes, which might also be related to the decadal diminution of the permafrost elevation.

Relatively to the Valle d’Aosta region test site, a space-borne analysis, using the DInSAR technique, was done using the ESA’s Grid Processing On-Demand (G-POD) service. The ASAR-Envisat dataset, available through the Virtual Archive 4 of ESA (by the Category-1A project, part of the ESA Geohazard Supersites initiative), was processed by using the G-POD service. The SAR dataset, made of 38 images acquired from ascending orbit (track 301) between June 2004 and November 2010, has been analyzed with the SBAS-DInSAR technique. The ASAR-Envisat satellite acquires images characterized by: - Band acquisition: C Band - Wavelength (cm): 5.6 - Incident angle (°): 23° - Azimuth/ground range resolution (m): ≈ 4/20 - Revisit time (days): 35 - Life status: 2002 – 2010 - Space agency: ESA Regarding the G-POD threshold setting of the SBAS processing, the following parameters were used: - Max Perpendicular Baseline (m): 400 - Max Temporal Baseline (days): 1500 - Ground Pixel Dimension (m): 40 - Coherence Threshold: 0.8 - Area of Interest (AOI): entire frame - REF point: Lat. 45.737049 – Lon. 7.31899 The achieved SBAS measurements are provided in geocoded coordinates (Lat./Lon. and UTM WGS84), and are reported in an ASCII file. The SBAS results, relevant to the entire frame (normally around 100x100 km), have an accuracy of 1 mm/yr concerning the mean velocity measurements, and 5 mm for the deformation measurements [Casu et al., 2006]

One of the aims of the Hammer project is to provide SAR deformation measurements. For this purpose, the Grid Processing On-Demand (G-POD) service was used to provide SAR deformation maps and associated time series for the test sites of Hammer. The G-POD SBAS-DInSAR service was developed through a collaboration between CNR-IREA and ESA-RSS, and is available from November 2014. The service is provided through a user-friendly web-interface, which allows users to perform the full SBAS-DInSAR chain, from RAW data focusing to displacement time series generation. G-POD can process the ESA’s ERS-1/2 and Envisat ASAR data retrieved throughout the Virtual Archive 4 (http://eo-virtual-archive4.esa.int/ in the framework of Supersite Initiative), and can generate single interferogram and/or a multi-temporal analyses. The G-POD service requires dataset selection over a specific area of interest (AOI) together with parameters and threshold setting (e.g. perpendicular baseline, temporal baseline, coherence threshold).

The SAR ground deformation time series relevant to Valle d’Aosta region include deformation data obtained from ASAR-Envisat satellite acquisitions (images available in the framework of Category-1A project, part of the ESA Geohazard Supersites initiative), and elaborated by the ESA’s G-POD service with the SBAS technique. In particular, the analysis provided 23634 measure points, for the observed period from April 2004 to November 2010. The analysis provided for each SBAS targets: - East and North UTM WGS84 coordinates (m); - Temporal interferometric coherence [CohT]; - Deformation velocity (cm/year) [Vel.]; - Azimuth and Range coordinates [Az./Rg.]; - Latitude and Longitude coordinates (deg.) [Lat./Lon]; - Topography (m) [RT]; - Deformation Data (cm), related to the acquisition dates of the exploited SAR images. The dataset of the exploited images are expressed as: [year+((month-1)*30+day)/365]. The SBAS results, relevant to the entire frame (normally around 100x100 km), have an accuracy of 1 mm/yr concerning the mean velocity measurements, and 5 mm for the deformation measurements [Casu et al., 2006] The deformation time series present a monthly temporal sampling, and provide long time series of deformation, allowing to follow the evolution of surface displacements over time.

The Gardiola in situ ground deformation time series include deformation data from the topographic monitoring network, installed on the Gardiola landslide. In particular, provide the differential displacement (in cm), of planimetric and altimetric displacement, for each prism of the network. The archive provide time series of twenty-three optical target, for an observed period from March 2004 to April 2009. The time series present a very high temporal sampling (hourly), and provide the differential displacement for the planimetric (Δxy) and altimetric (Δz) displacement (in cm). All the spikes interpreted as noise were been delete to the time series.

The SAR ground deformation time series relevant to Sampeyre frame include deformation data obtained from ASAR-Envisat satellite acquisitions (images available in the framework of Category-1A project, part of the ESA Geohazard Supersites initiative), and elaborated by the ESA’s G-POD service with the SBAS technique. In particular, the analysis provided 65535 measure points, for the observed period from April 2005 to October 2010, relative to the entire frame. The archive provide for each SBAS targets: - ID: Gr1; Gr2; Gr n - East and North UTM WGS84 coordinates (m); - Temporal interferometric coherence [CohT]; - Deformation velocity (cm/year) [Vel]; - Azimuth and Range coordinates [Az/Rg]; - Latitude and Longitude coordinates (deg) [Lat/Lon]; - Topography (m) [RT]; - Deformation Data (cm), related to the date of the exploited SAR images. The date of the exploited images are expressed as: [year+((month-1)*30+day)/365]. The SBAS results, relevant to the entire frame (normally around 100x100 km), have an accuracy of 1 mm/yr for mean velocity measurements, and 5 mm for the deformation measurements [Casu et al., 2006]. The deformation time series present a monthly temporal sampling, and provide long time series of deformation, allowing to follow the evolution of surface displacement over time.

Relative to the Ivancich test site several space-borne data were available. In particular, the SAR data were published in: Calò et al. (2014) Enhanced landslide investigations through advanced DInSAR techniques: The Ivancich case study, Assisi, Italy. Remote Sensing of Environment, 142: 69-82. This dataset is a courtesy of Ing. Maceo Giovanni Angeli (IRPI-CNR) and Dr. Geol. Fabrizio Pontoni (private consultant). The COSMO SkyMED satellite acquires images characterized by: - Band acquisition: X Band - Wavelength (cm): 3.1 - Resolution azimuth/range (m): ≈ 2.5/2.5 – 0.1/0.1 - Revisit time (days): 11 - Incident angle (°): 20-60 - Life status:2007-2014 - Space agency: ASI The images used, processed by SBAS DInSAR technique at low-resolution scale (100 m x 100 m), include 39 images spanning from December 2009 to February 2012 in descending orbit, of the territory of Assisi, Monte Subasio and Valle Umbra. The SAR data reports 118147 SBAS targets in shapefile format provided in SBAS-InSAR geocoded coordinates (Lat./Lon. and UTM WGS84).

Relatively to the Salar de Atacama test site, a space-born analysis using the DInSAR technique, was done using the ESA’s Grid Processing On-Demand (G-POD) service. The ASAR-Envisat dataset, available through the Virtual Archive 4 of ESA (by the Category-1A project, part of the ESA Geohazard Supersites initiative), was processed by using the G-POD service. The SAR dataset, made of 18 images acquired in ascending orbit (track 282) between March 2003 and September 2009, has been analyzed with the SBAS-DInSAR technique. The ASAR-Envisat satellite acquires images characterized by: - Band acquisition: C Band - Wavelength (cm): 5.6 - Incident angle (°C): 23 - Azimuth/ground range resolution (m): ≈ 4/20 - Revisit time (days): 35 - Life status: 2002-2010 - Space agency: ESA Regarding the G-POD threshold setting of the SABS processing, the following parameters were used: - Max Perpendicular Baseline (m): 400 - Max Temporal Baseline (days): 1500 - Ground Pixel Dimension (m): 80 - Coherence Threshold: 0.8 - Area of Interest (AOI): entire frame - REF point: Lat. 23.773739 – Lon. 67.936905 The achieved SBAS measurements are provided in geocoded coordinates (Lat./Lon. and UTM WGS84), and are reported in an ASCII file. The SBAS results, relevant to the entire frame (normally 100x100 km), have an accuracy of 1 mm/yr concerning the mean velocity measurements, and 5 mm for the deformation measurements [Casu et al., 2006].

Relatively to the Grange Orgiera test site, a space-born analysis using the DInSAR technique, was done using the ESA’s Grid Processing On-Demand (G-POD) service, for a specific area of interest (AOI). The ASAR-Envisat dataset, available through the Virtual Archive 4 of ESA (by the Category-1A project, part of the ESA Geohazard Supersites initiative), was processes by using the G-POD service. The SAR dataset, made of 21 images acquired in ascending orbit (track 301) between April 2005 and October 2010, has been analyzed with the SBAS-DInSAR technique. The ASAR-Envisat satellite acquires images characterized by: - Band acquisition: C Band - Wavelength (cm): 5.6 - Incident angle (°): 23° - Azimuth/ground range resolution (m): ≈ 4/20 - Revisit time (days): 35 - Life status: 2002 – 2010 - Space agency: ESA Regarding the G-POD threshold setting of the SBAS processing, the following parameters were used: - Max Perpendicular Baseline (m): 400 - Max Temporal Baseline (days): 1500 - Ground Pixel Dimension (m): 80 - Coherence Threshold: 0.7 - Area of Interest (AOI): selected AOI close to the test site - REF point: Lat. 44.5838 – Lon. 7.1434 The achieved SBAS measurements are provided in geocoded coordinates (Lat/Lon and UTM WGS84), and are reported in an ASCII file. The SBAS results, relevant to the entire frame (normally around 100x100 km) have an accuracy of 1 mm/yr concerning the mean velocity measurements, and 5 mm for the deformation measurements [Casu et al., 2006].

The Ivancich SAR ground deformation time series include deformation data obtained from Cosmo SkyMED satellite acquisition, and published in: Calò et al. (2014) Enhanced landslide investigations through advanced DInSAR techniques: The Ivancich case study, Assisi, Italy. Remote Sensing of Environment, 142: 69-82. This dataset is a courtesy of Ing. Maceo Giovanni Angeli (IRPI-CNR) and Dr. Geol. Fabrizio Pontoni (private consultant). In particular provide 118147 SBAS targets displacement (relative to the Assisi municipality, Monte Subasio and Valle Umbra territory), in descending orbit and in low-resolution scale (100mx100m), for the observed period from December 2009 to February 2012. The archive provide for each SBAS targets: - X (East) and Y (North) UTM WGS84 coordinates (m); - Temporal interferometric coherence [coer.]; - Deformation velocity (cm/year) [vel.]; - Azimuth and Range coordinates [azimuth/range]; - Latitude and Longitude coordinates (deg.) [Lat./Lon]; - Topography (m) [topo]; - Deformation Data (cm), related to the date of the exploited SAR images. The date of the exploited images are expressed as: day/month/year. The time series present a weekly temporal sampling, and provide long-time series of deformation, allowing to following the evolution of surface displacement over time.