db5e6186-779b-4a3e-8470-857470c54e24 eng a074a73f-17ff-4071-87c0-f45b00b2a4c9 Ev-K2-CNR +39 035 3230511 +39 035 3230551 Via San Bernardino 145 Bergamo BG 24126 Italy metadata@evk2cnr.org http://www.evk2cnr.org/ 2011-11-02T11:10:42 ISO 19115:2003/19139 1.0 Supplementary material for “Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)” 2011-06-10T08:00:00 ACP - Special Issue Atmospheric brown cloud in the Himalayas This paper provides a detailed description of the atmospheric conditions characterizing the high Himalayas, thanks to continuous observations begun in March 2006 at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) located at 5079 m a.s.l. on the southern foothills of Mt. Everest, in the framework of ABC UNEP and SHARE-Ev-K2-CNR projects. The work presents a characterization of meteorological conditions and air-mass circulation at NCO-P during the first two years of activity.The mean values of atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed recorded at the site were: 551 hPa, -3.0°C, 4.7 m s -1 ,respectively. The highest seasonal values of temperature (1.7 ° C) and relative humidity (94%) were registered during the monsoon season, which was also characterized by thick clouds, present in about 80% of the afternoon hours, and by a frequency of cloud-free sky of less than 10%. The lowest temperature and relative humidity seasonal values were registered during winter, -6.3°C and 22%, respectively, the season being characterised by mainly cloud-free sky conditions and rarehick clouds. The summer monsoon influenced rain precipitation (seasonal mean: 237 mm), while wind was dominated by flows from the bottom of the valley (S-SW) and upper mountain (N-NE).The atmospheric composition at NCO-P has been studied thanks to measurements of black carbon (BC),aerosol scattering coefficient, PM1, coarse particles and ozone The annual behaviour of the measured parameters shows the highest seasonal values during the premonsoon (BC: 316.9 ng m-3,PM1: 3.9 µg m-3, scattering coeffcient: 11.9 Mm-1 , coarse particles: 0.37 cm-3 and O3: 60.9 ppbv), while the lowest concentrations occurred during the monsoon (BC: 49.6 ng m-3, PM1: 0.6 µg m-3 , scattering coefficient: 2.2 Mm-1 , and O3: 38.9 ppbv) and, for coarse particles, during the post-monsoon (0.07 cm-3 ). At NCO-P, the synoptic-scale circulation regimes present three principal contributions: Westerly, South Westerly and Regional, as shown by the analysis of in-situ meteorological parameters and 5-day LAGRANTO back trajectories. The influence of the brown cloud (AOD>0.4) extending over Indo Gangetic Plains up to the Himalayan foothills has been evaluated by analysing the in-situ concentrations of the ABC constituents. This analysis revealed that brown cloud hot spots mainly influence the South Himalayas during the pre monsoon, in the presence of very high levels of atmospheric compounds (BC: 1974.1 ng m-3 , PM1: 23.5 µg m-3,scattering coefficient: 57.7 Mm-1,coarse particles: 0.64 cm-3, O3: 69.2 ppbv, respectively). During this season 20% of the days were characterised by a strong brown cloud influence during the afternoon, leading to a 5-fold increased in the BC and PM1 values, in comparison with seasonal means. Our investigations provide clear evidence that, especially during the pre-monsoon, the southern side of the high Himalayan valleys represent a “direct channel” able to transport brown cloud pollutants up to 5000 m a.s.l., where the pristine atmospheric composition can be strongly influenced. Supplementary material for “Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)” Paolo Bonasoni Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399590 +39 0516399652 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy p.bonasoni@isac.cnr.it http://www.isac.cnr.it/ WWW:LINK-1.0-http--partners Paolo Laj CNRS Laboratoire de Meteorologie Physique - Laboratoire de Glaciologie +33 685628874 +33 473405132 Avenue des Landais Aubiere Cedex 63177 France aj@lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr http://wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr/ WWW:LINK-1.0-http--partners Angela Marinoni Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399597 +39 0516399652 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy a.marinoni@isac.cnr.it http://www.isac.cnr.it/ WWW:LINK-1.0-http--partners Michael Sprenger ETHZ-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology +41 446333623 Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich 8092 Switzerland michael.sprenger@env.ethz.ch http://www.iac.ethz.ch Federico Angelini Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0649934340 Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 Roma ROMA 00133 Italy F.Angelini@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Jgor Arduini The University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" - Chemical Science Institute +39 072230331 +39 0722303311 Piazza Rinascimento, 6 Urbino PU 61029 Italy j.arduini@uniurb.it www.uniurb.it Ubaldo Bonafè Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399583 Via Gobetti, 101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy U.Bonafe@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Francescopiero Calzolari Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399582 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy F.Calzolari@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Stefano Decesari Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399560 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy S.Decesari@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Fabrizio Roccato Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399628 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy F.Roccato@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Maria Cristina Facchini Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399563 347 2365600 +39 0516399647 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy MC.Facchini@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Elisa Vuillermoz Ev-K2-CNR +39 0353230513 +39 0353230551 Via San Bernardino, 145 Bergamo BG 24126 Italy elisa.vuillermoz@evk2cnr.org http://evk2cnr.org Gianpietro Verza Ev-K2-CNR Via San Bernardino, 145 Bergamo BG 24126 Italy gianpietro.verza@evk2cnr.org http://evk2cnr.org Paolo Villani Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS 24, avenue des Landais Aubiere Cedex 63177 France p.villani@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr http://wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr/ H. Venzac Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS +33 473407678 +33 473405136 24, avenue des Landais Aubière Cedex 63177 France h.venzac@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr http://wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr/ Karine Sellegri Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS +39 473407394 +39 473405136 24, avenue des Landais Aubière Cedex 63177 France K.Sellegri@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr Anrico Panday Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville United States of America http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/research/atmospheric-science/ Michela Maione The University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" - Chemical Science Institute +39 0722303316 +39 0722303310 Piazza Rinascimento, 6 Urbino PU 61029 Italy michela.maione@uniurb.it http://www.uniurb.it/ Gian Paolo Gobbi Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) -CNR +39 0649934343 +39 0620660291 Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 Roma ROMA 00133 Italy g.gobbi@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Paolo Cristofanelli Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399597 +39 0516399652 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy p.cristofanelli@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Sandro Fuzzi Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - CNR +39 0516399559 +39 0516399647 Via Gobetti,101 Bologna BO 40129 Italy S.Fuzzi@isac.cnr.it www.isac.cnr.it Alcide di Sarra ENEA, ACS-CLIM-OSS via Anguillarese, 301 Roma 00123 Italy alcide.disarra@enea.it http://utmea.enea.it/people/disarra/ Claudia di Biagio ENEA, ACS-CLIM-OSS via Anguillarese, 301 Roma 00123 Italy claudia.dibiagio@casaccia.enea.it http://utmea.enea.it/people/dibiagio Tiziano Colombo CNMCA-Climate Department, Via Pratica di Mare, 45 Pratica di Mare Roma 00040 Italy http://www.meteoam.it/ https://geoportal.mountaingenius.org/geonetwork/srv/eng/resources.get?uuid=db5e6186-779b-4a3e-8470-857470c54e24&fname=mountain_witness__s.png thumbnail png Atmospheric Brown Clouds Himalayas Nepal Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid aerosols trace gases brown cloud black carbon (BC) coarse particles aerosol scattering coefficient PM1 ozone ABC SHARE climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere environment 80.0522 88.1946 26.3684 30.4247 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue162.html WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link The book contains the scientific papers published by EvK2Cnr researchers in a special issue of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, entitled "Atmospheric brown clouds in the Himalayas " https://geoportal.mountaingenius.org/webapp/srv/en/resources.get?id=1645&fname=acp-10-7515-2010.pdf&access=private WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download acp-10-7515-2010.pdf Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m) https://geoportal.mountaingenius.org/webapp/srv/en/resources.get?id=1645&fname=acp-10-7515-2010-supplement.pdf&access=private WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download acp-10-7515-2010-supplement.pdf Supplementary material for “Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)” http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/7515/2010/acp-10-7515-2010-supplement.pdf WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related Supplementary material for “Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)” The scientific paper produced by researchers EvK2Cnr in the special issue of Chemistry and Physics, entitled "atmospheric brown clouds in the Himalayas". Supplementary material for “Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)”